VXLAN Bridge ¶

Index

VXLAN Bridge

Summary ¶

This guide covers the configuration of a VXLAN tunnel between two OPNsense firewalls connected via VPN. This enables Layer 2 communication over Layer 3 networks and can introduce various challenges. Layer 2 tunneling should only be used when necessary, as routing is usually the best option for Layer 3 networks.

Here are some general use cases:

Use the same IP addresses and internet breakout on multiple sites
Provide external IP addresses to a different site without routing
Connect devices that communicate via broadcasts
Share Layer 2 protocols such as STP and DHCP
Transmit routing protocols like OSPF

Attention

A large broadcast domain will create more broadcast and multicast traffic. This can quickly saturate WAN links since it will be exchanged over the internet with Layer 2 tunneling
Switches need special attention. Layer 2 protocols like STP will now be shared over the VXLAN tunnel. The Switch should filter specific Layer 2 protocols to prevent improper STP convergence. DHCP could also be filtered with the Switch, so different DHCP servers can be used
Bridges, VXLAN and VPN introduce overhead, which can increase CPU usage and limit bandwidth. This configuration is not suitable for high-throughput environments where gigabits of traffic are required
If e.g., Site B uses the bridged LAN as their main network, all traffic will be sent to Site A for routing and breakout to the internet. Please be aware of the implications

See the section on VXLAN for more details.

Setup Overview ¶

In this setup example, there are two OPNsense firewalls - Site A and Site B - that should communicate over the internet via Layer2.

Since VXLAN is not encrypted, a VPN should be used to secure the connection. IPsec or Wireguard are recommended, since they can create simple point to point VPNs between loopback interfaces.

Interface	Site A	Site B
WAN	203.0.113.1/32	198.51.100.2/32
lo1	172.16.88.1/32	172.16.88.2/32
bridge0	192.168.10.1/24	192.168.10.2/24
vxlan1	IPv4 None	IPv4 None
LAN	IPv4 None	IPv4 None

Configuration ¶

1. Loopback Interface Setup ¶

Go to Interfaces ‣ Other Types ‣ Loopback and add lo1 on both Sites
Go to Interfaces ‣ Assignments and assign lo1
Enable lo1 and set a static IPv4 configuration:
- Site A: 172.16.88.1/32
- Site B: 172.16.88.2/32

Note

These loopback interfaces will be used for the VXLAN source and remote addresses. Loopback interfaces are always available for service binding during boot.

2. VPN Setup ¶

The lo1 interfaces on both firewalls must be connected via VPN. In this example, the VPN will use the endpoint IPs 203.0.113.1/32 (Site A) and 198.51.100.2/32 (Site B). This can be achieved with:

A policy-based IPsec tunnel, including the loopback IPs in Phase 2 Children:

172.16.88.1/32 on Site B

172.16.88.2/32 on Site A

A WireGuard tunnel without a Tunnel address, including the loopback IPs in Allowed IPs:

172.16.88.1/32 on Site B

172.16.88.2/32 on Site A

Any other VPN protocol since VXLAN is VPN agnostic

Create Firewall rules that allow VXLAN (UDP/4789) and ICMP traffic for:

Firewall ‣ Rules ‣ Loopback

Firewall ‣ Rules ‣ IPsec (or Wireguard)

The tunnel should now route traffic between the two loopback interfaces:

Go to Interfaces ‣ Diagnostics ‣ Ping

Test connectivity by pinging the loopback interfaces across the tunnel. Use the lo1 interface address as source address.

3. VXLAN Interface ¶

Go to Interfaces ‣ Other Types ‣ VXLAN and create vxlan1 interfaces:

Option	Site A	Site B
VNI	1	1
Source address	172.16.88.1/32	172.16.88.2/32
Remote address	172.16.88.2/32	172.16.88.1/32
Multicast group	leave empty	leave empty
Device	None	None

Go to Interfaces ‣ Assignments and assign vxlan1.

Note

Do not assign IP addresses to the vxlan1 interfaces.

4. Bridging VXLAN and LAN ¶

Attention

Connecting Layer2 broadcast domains can cause service interruptions.

Remove the IP configuration from LAN, it will be moved to bridge0
Go to Interfaces ‣ Other Types ‣ Bridge and create bridge0 interfaces:

Option	Site A	Site B
Member interfaces	`LAN, vxlan1`	`LAN, vxlan1`
Description	`bridge0`	`bridge0`
Link-local address	Check if using IPv6	Check if using IPv6

Bridge specific tunables must set for the packet filter: LAN Bridge
Assign and enable bridge0 and set IPv4 addresses in the same subnet:
- Site A: 192.168.10.1/24
- Site B: 192.168.10.2/24
Create firewall rules to allow traffic between the bridged interfaces:
- These rules must allow LAN to LAN traffic, e.g., source 192.168.10.0/24 to destination 192.168.10.0/24.
- Starting with an any allow rule and restricting it after logging is recommended.
If experiencing packet fragmentation issues, set the MTU to 1380 and MSS to 1320 on the bridge0 interfaces. This ensures packets are appropriately sized for the combined overhead from VXLAN and the VPN tunnel. This should not be needed if PMTU (Path MTU Discovery) works correctly. It is essential that ICMP is allowed.

Note

Only the main Site should be the DHCP server on bridge0. If you want to use different DHCP servers per Site, use external ones and block the DHCP packets on your managed switch before they enter the OPNsense LAN interface. Ensure that no IP address conflicts emerge with seperate pools in the same IP address space.

5. Testing & Finalizing ¶

Tip

For this step, using Packet Capture is recommended.

Test connectivity by pinging between the IP addresses of bridge0
Use Packet Capture to see if the ARP protocol has the same broadcasts on both bridge0 interfaces
Go to Interfaces ‣ Diagnostics ‣ ARP Table and check if MAC addresses from both Sites have been learned
Ping directly between hosts through the VXLAN tunnel. Check with Packet Capture if ARP resolves the MAC addresses of these hosts and adds them into their ARP tables
Test the maximum packet size when pinging through the tunnel by specifying custom packet sizes and setting the do not fragment flag
Use tools like tcpdump or Wireshark directly on the hosts and initiate traffic to and from destinations to either Site
Test the performance between Site A and Site B with iperf3. If it is very slow, check the MTU/MSS settings, WAN link speed and CPU usage

Note

These are some of the basic tests. If there are issues revisit each step of this setup guide. Since Layer 2 over Layer 3 tunnels can be brittle, there are a multitude of issues that often need to be resolved by network experts. When issues can not be resolved, using Layer 3 VPN routing between Sites is the best and most stable alternative.